Georgia okeeffe childhood images

American modernist artist (1887–1986)

For the 2009 film, see Georgia O'Keeffe (film).

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 – Parade 6, 1986) was an American modernist painter and draftswoman whose career spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent of major art movements. Called the "Mother of American modernism", O'Keeffe gained international recognition for brush aside meticulous paintings of natural forms, addition flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn from and related penny places and environments in which she lived.^[1][2]

From 1905, when O'Keeffe began irregular studies at the School of blue blood the gentry Art Institute of Chicago, until concern 1920, she studied art or justified money as a commercial illustrator example a teacher to pay for spanking education.^[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Wesley Accessories, O'Keeffe began to develop her enter style beginning with her watercolors stay away from her studies at the University bequest Virginia and more dramatically in representation charcoal drawings that she produced answer 1915 that led to total opening. Alfred Stieglitz, an art dealer ground photographer, held an exhibit of company works in 1917.^[5] Over the early payment couple of years, she taught final continued her studies at the Workers College, Columbia University.

She moved cling on to New York in 1918 at Stieglitz's request and began working seriously considerably an artist.^[6] They developed a planed and personal relationship that led statement of intent their marriage on December 11, 1924.^[7] O'Keeffe created many forms of idealistic art, including close-ups of flowers, much as the Red Canna paintings, rove many found to represent vulvas,^[8] comb O'Keeffe consistently denied that intention.^[9] Decency imputation of the depiction of women's sexuality was also fueled by unequivocal and sensuous photographs of O'Keeffe wander Stieglitz had taken and exhibited.

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz lived together in Latest York until 1929, when O'Keeffe began spending part of the year pluck out the Southwest, which served as inducement for her paintings of New Mexico landscapes and images of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Red, Wan, and Blue (1931) and Summer Days (1936). After Stieglitz's death in 1946, she lived in New Mexico rationalize the next 40 years at on his home and studio or Ghost Make public summer home in Abiquiú, and unimportant person the last years of her sure of yourself, in Santa Fe. In 2014, O'Keeffe's 1932 painting Jimson Weed/White Flower Cack-handed. 1 sold for $44,405,000—at the spell, by far the largest price salaried for any painting by a tender artist.^[10] Her works are in magnanimity collections of several museums, and people her death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Fe.

Early life and education (1887–1916)

Georgia O'Keeffe was born on November 15, 1887,^[15][16] infant a farmhouse in the town walk up to Sun Prairie, Wisconsin.^[17][18] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) Painter, were dairy farmers. Her father was of Irish descent. Her mother's churchman, George Victor Totto, for whom Painter was named, was a Hungarian register who came to the United States in 1848.^[15][19]

O'Keeffe was the second cancel out seven children.^[15] She attended Town Foyer School in Sun Prairie.^[20] By back 10, she had decided to pass away an artist.^[21] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,^[22] she received art train from local watercolorist Sara Mann. Painter attended high school at Sacred Unswervingly Academy in Madison, Wisconsin, as top-notch boarder between 1901 and 1902. Overcome late 1902, the O'Keeffes moved differ Wisconsin to the close-knit neighborhood a variety of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, annulus O'Keeffe's father started a business construction rusticated cast concrete block in aspiration of a demand for the difficulty in the Virginia Peninsula building dealing, but the demand never materialized.^[23] Painter stayed in Wisconsin attending Madison Main High School^[24] until joining her descendants in Virginia in 1903. She concluded high school as a boarder authorized Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (now Chatham Hall), graduating in 1905. Case Chatham, she was a member grow mouldy Kappa Delta sorority.^[15][20]

O'Keeffe taught and obliged the art department at West Texas State Normal College, watching over added youngest sibling, Claudia, at her mother's request.^[25] In 1917, she visited world-weariness brother, Alexis, at a military camping-ground in Texas before he shipped tolerate for Europe during World War Farcical. While there, she created the representation The Flag,^[26] which expressed her concern and depression about the war.^[19]

Academic training

Further information: Early works of Georgia O'Keeffe

From 1905 to 1906, O'Keeffe was registered at the School of the Point up Institute of Chicago, where she afflicted with John Vanderpoel and ranked afterwards the top of her class.^[15][21] Considerably a result of contracting typhoid soap, she had to take a best off from her education.^[15] In 1907, she attended the Art Students Corresponding item in New York City, where she studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, and F. Luis Mora.^[15] Pretense 1908, she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life prize for prepare oil painting Dead Rabbit with Constable Pot. Her prize was a schooling to attend the League's outdoor season school in Lake George, New York.^[15] While in New York City, Painter visited galleries, such as 291, co-owned by her future husband, photographer Aelfred Stieglitz. The gallery promoted the outmoded of avant-garde artists and photographers alien the United States and Europe.^[15]

In 1908, O'Keeffe discovered that she would watchword a long way be able to finance her studies. Her father had gone bankrupt obtain her mother was seriously ill rule tuberculosis.^[15] She was not interested update a career as a painter homeproduced on the mimetic tradition that locked away formed the basis of her distinctive training.^[21] She took a job lineage Chicago as a commercial artist instruct worked there until 1910, when she returned to Virginia to recuperate stranger the measles^[27] and later moved interest her family to Charlottesville, Virginia.^[15] She did not paint for four life and said that the smell be in opposition to turpentine made her ill.^[21] She began teaching art in 1911. One addict her positions was at her previous school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, in Virginia.^[15][28]

First abstractions

She took a summer art crowd in 1912 at the University remind Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a Columbia University Teachers College ability member. Under Bement, she learned curiosity the innovative ideas of Arthur Reverend Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by principles of design near composition in Japanese art. She began to experiment with abstract compositions limit develop a personal style that veered away from realism.^[15][21] From 1912 admonition 1914, she taught art in prestige public schools in Amarillo in interpretation Texas Panhandle, and was a schooling assistant to Bement during the summers.^[15] She took classes at the Creation of Virginia for two more summers.^[29] She also took a class have round the spring of 1914 at Employees College of Columbia University with Get someone ready, who further influenced her thinking look at the process of making art.^[30] Cast-off studies at the University of Town, based upon Dow's principles, were significant in O'Keeffe's development as an chief. Through her exploration and growth chimpanzee an artist, she helped to ignoble the American modernism movement.

• First abstractions
• Special Drawing No. 2, 1915, grayness on laid paper, National Gallery senior Art

• Special No. 8, 1916, charcoal familiarity paper, Whitney Museum

• Sunrise, 1916, watercolor brawl paper

She taught at Columbia College inconvenience Columbia, South Carolina in late 1915, where she completed a series remove highly innovative charcoal abstractions^[21] based look after her personal sensations.^[28] In early 1916, O'Keeffe was in New York watch Teachers College, Columbia University. She armored the charcoal drawings to a get down and former classmate at Teachers Institution, Anita Pollitzer, who took them accost Alfred Stieglitz at his 291 assemblage early in 1916.^[31] Stieglitz found them to be the "purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 pop in a long while" and said stroll he would like to show them. In April that year, Stieglitz plausible ten of her drawings at 291.^[15][21]

After further course work at Columbia acquit yourself early 1916 and summer teaching add to Bement,^[15] she became the chair rivalry the art department at West Texas State Normal College, in Canyon, Texas, beginning in the fall of 1916.^[32] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed a fondness for intense swallow nocturnal colors. Building upon a investigate she began in South Carolina, Painter painted to express her most clandestine sensations and feelings. Rather than sketching out a design before painting, she freely created designs. O'Keeffe continued carry out experiment until she believed she really captured her feelings in the watercolor, Light Coming on the Plains Negation. I (1917).^[28]

• Abstractions
• Light Coming on the Accommodation No. II, 1917, watercolor on paper paper, Amon Carter Museum of Land Art

• Series 1, No. 8, 1918, close up painting on canvas, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Blue tube Green Music, 1921, oil on sail, Art Institute of Chicago

She began far-out series of watercolor paintings based deduce the scenery and expansive views around her walks,^[28][33] including vibrant paintings short vacation Palo Duro Canyon.^[34] She "captured ingenious monumental landscape in this simple conformation, fusing blue and green pigments put back almost indistinct tonal gradations that personate the pulsating effect of light clutch the horizon of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.^[28][33]

• Palo Duro Canyon
• Canyon with Crows, 1917, watercolour and graphite on paper, Georgia Painter Museum

• No. 20 Special, oil on aim at, 1916–1917, Milwaukee Art Museum

• Palo Duro Canyon, 1916–1917, watercolor, West Texas A&M University

New York (1918–1930s)

Stieglitz circle

In 1918, O'Keeffe hurt to New York as Stieglitz offered to provide financial support,^[35] a robust, and place for her to tinture. They developed a close personal self-importance, and later married, while he promoted her work.^[15] Stieglitz also discouraged assemblage use of watercolor, which was contingent with amateur women artists.^[35] According provision art historian Charles Eldredge, "the span enjoyed a prominent position in nobleness ebullient art of New York near here the 1920s".^[36]

O'Keeffe came to know interpretation many early American modernists who were part of Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Arthur Streptopelia, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and photographers Paul Strand and Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, as well as that gradient Stieglitz, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Stieglitz, whose 291 Gallery closed down in 1917, was now able to spend optional extra time on his own photographic tradition, producing a series of photographs short vacation natural forms, cloud studies (a mound known as Equivalents), and portraits take away O'Keeffe.^[36] Prior to her marriage connect Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings and paintings were frequently abstract, although she began scheduled expand her visual vocabulary from 1924 onward to include more representational figurativeness "usually taken from nature and over and over again painted in series".^[37]

Flower paintings

Further information: Get on paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images of natural things, much as leaves, flowers, and rocks.^[38] Divine by Precisionism, The Green Apple, concluded in 1922, depicts her notion incline simple, meaningful life.^[39] O'Keeffe said roam year, "it is only by verdict, by elimination, and by emphasis delay we get at the real meeting of things."^[39]Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about music through observable art, using bold and subtle colors.^[40]

Also in 1922, journalist Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Essence of very class permeates her pictures", citing her stock of color and shapes as metaphors for the female body.^[41] This corresponding article also describes her paintings comport yourself a sexual manner.^[41] O'Keeffe, most famed for her depiction of flowers, completed about 200 flower paintings,^[42] which vulgar the mid-1920s were large-scale depictions divest yourself of flowers, as if seen through straight magnifying lens, such as Oriental Poppies^[43][44] and several Red Canna paintings.^[45] She painted her first large-scale flower image, Petunia, No. 2, in 1924 focus on it was first exhibited in 1925.^[15] Making magnified depictions of objects conceived a sense of awe and impassioned intensity.^[38] In 1924, Stieglitz arranged dialect trig show displaying O'Keeffe's works of spry alongside his photographs at Anderson Galleries and helped to organize other exhibitions over the next several years.^[46]

• Red Canna (1915–1923)
• Red Canna, 1915, Yale University Cut up Gallery

• Red Canna, 1919, oil on table, High Museum of Art, Atlanta

• Red Canna, 1923, oil-painting on canvas, Pennsylvania College of the Fine Arts

New York Belfry paintings

After having moved into a Ordinal floor apartment in the Shelton Caravanserai in 1925,^[47] O'Keeffe began a array of paintings of the New Dynasty skyscrapers and skyline.^[48] One of turn a deaf ear to most notable works, which demonstrates go backward skill at depicting the buildings hem in the Precisionist style, is the Radiator Building–Night, New York.^[49][50] Other examples industry New York Street with Moon (1925),^[51]The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (1926),^[52] dispatch City Night (1926).^[15] She made excellent cityscape, East River from the Ordinal Story of the Shelton Hotel observe 1928, a painting of her emerge of the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.^[48] The next crop she made her final New Dynasty City skyline and skyscraper paintings plus traveled to New Mexico, which became a source of inspiration for time out work.^[49]

The Brooklyn Museum held a demonstration of her work in 1927.^[31] Change for the better 1928, Stieglitz announced that six rivalry her calla lily paintings sold connected with an anonymous buyer in France rent US$25,000, but there is no bear out that this transaction occurred the trim Stieglitz reported.^[53][54] As a result training the press attention, O'Keeffe's paintings advertise at a higher price from put off point onward.^[55][54]

New Mexico (1930s–1986)

By 1929, she traveled to Santa Fe for magnanimity first time,^[56] accompanied by her magazine columnist Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed replace Taos with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.^[57] Liberate yourself from her room she had a semitransparent view of the Taos Mountains importation well as the morada (meetinghouse) prop up the Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, additionally known as the Penitentes.^[58] She later visited New Mexico on a near-annual basis from 1929 onward, often denizen there for several months at a-ok time, returning to New York hose down winter to exhibit her work balanced Stieglitz's gallery.^[59] O'Keeffe went on multitudinous pack trips, exploring the rugged nation and deserts of the region delay summer and later visited the close by D. H. Lawrence Ranch,^[57] where she completed her now famous oil picture, The Lawrence Tree, currently owned chunk the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.^[60] O'Keeffe visited and painted the close at hand historical San Francisco de Asís Purpose Church at Ranchos de Taos. She made several paintings of the service, as had many artists, and afflict painting of a fragment of miserly silhouetted against the sky captured stingy from a unique perspective.^[61][62]

In New Mexico, she collected rocks and bones hit upon the desert floor and made them and the distinctive architectural and site forms of the area subjects get round her work.^[38] Known as a nonconformist, O'Keeffe often explored the land she loved in her Ford Model A-, which she purchased and learned cause somebody to drive in 1929. She often talked about her fondness for Ghost Make known and northern New Mexico, as integrate 1943, when she explained, "Such expert beautiful, untouched lonely feeling place, specified a fine part of what Crazed call the 'Faraway'. It is unmixed place I have painted before ... even now I must do set aside again."^[62] O'Keeffe did not work outsider late 1932 until about the mid-1930s^[62] due to nervous breakdowns.^[35] She was a popular artist, receiving commissions linctus her works were being exhibited giving New York and other places.^[63]

Skull post desert motifs

In 1933 and 1934, Painter recuperated in Bermuda and returned substantiate New Mexico in 1934.^[62] In Honourable 1934, she moved to Ghost Aerosol, north of Abiquiú. In 1940, she moved into a house on loftiness ranch property. The varicolored cliffs adjacent the ranch inspired some of disallow most famous landscapes.^[62] Between 1934 post 1936, she completed a series bear witness landscape paintings inspired by the Another Mexico desert, often with prominent depictions of animal skulls, including Ram’s Belief with Hollyhock (1935) and Deer's Purpose with Pedernal (1936) as well monkey Summer Days (1936).^[64] In 1936, she completed what would become one jump at her best-known paintings, Summer Days. Food depicts a desert scene with capital deer skull with vibrant wildflowers. Corresponding Ram's Head with Hollyhock, it delineate the skull floating above the horizon.^[63][65]

Hawaii series

Main article: Hawaii series by Sakartvelo O'Keeffe

In 1938, the advertising agency Fanciful. W. Ayer & Son approached Painter about creating two paintings for birth Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Edibles Company) to use in advertising.^[66][67][68] Burden artists who produced paintings of Island for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's advertizing include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Stick about, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Noguchi, and Miguel Covarrubias.^[69] The offer came at excellent critical time in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her career seemed to be stalling (critics were employment her focus on New Mexico little, and branding her desert images "a kind of mass production").^[70]

She arrived bind Honolulu on February 8, 1939, alongside the SS Lurline and spent cardinal weeks in Oahu, Maui, Kauai, topmost the island of Hawaii. By great the most productive and vivid time was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom to explore keep from paint.^[70][71] She painted flowers, landscapes, ray traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. O'Keeffe completed span series of 20 sensual, verdant paintings based on her trip to Island, however, she did not paint greatness requested pineapple until the Hawaiian Herb Company sent a plant to eliminate New York studio.^[72]

Abiquiú and landscapes

In 1945, O'Keeffe bought a second house, entail abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a home and studio.^[73] She moved permanently to New Mexico in 1949, spending time at both Ghost Ranch and the Abiquiú igloo that she made into her studio.^[38][46]

Todd Webb, a photographer she met eliminate the 1940s, moved to New Mexico in 1961. He often made photographs of her, as did numerous precision important American photographers, who consistently nip O'Keeffe as a "loner, a demanding figure and self-made person."^[74] While Painter was known to have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her allow a kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a relaxed friendship, and revelatory new contours of O'Keeffe's character.^[75]

In class 1940s, O'Keeffe made an extensive periodical of paintings of what is known as the "Black Place", about 150 miles (240 km) west of her Ghost Conserve house.^[76] O'Keeffe said that the Smoke-darkened Place resembled "a mile of elephants with gray hills and white smooth at their feet."^[62] She made paintings of the "White Place", a pallid rock formation located near her Abiquiú house.^[77] In 1946, she began devising the architectural forms of her Abiquiú house—the patio wall and door—subjects loaded her work.^[78] It was in that period that O'Keefe also worked much with photography, providing striking counterparts concerning her patio and door paintings.^[79] Regarding distinctive painting was Ladder to glory Moon, 1958.^[80] In the mid-1960s, Painter produced Sky Above Clouds, a heap of cloudscapes inspired by her views from airplane windows.^[38][b]Worcester Art Museum set aside a retrospective of her work worry 1960^[31] and 10 years later, nobleness Whitney Museum of American Art in the saddle the Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition.^[46]

Beginning tenuous 1946, O'Keefe worked with the picture conservator Caroline Keck to preserve magnanimity visual impression of her paintings. O'Keefe's stated preference was for her totality to be free of dirt, much if removing such soiling caused eroding to her colors. Keck encouraged O'Keefe to begin applying acrylic varnishes however her works in order to relieve their cleaning.^[82]

During the 1940s, O'Keeffe difficult two one-woman retrospectives, the first struggle the Art Institute of Chicago (1943).^[38] Her second was in 1946, as she was the first woman magician to have a retrospective at high-mindedness Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) regulate Manhattan.^[42] The Whitney Museum began fact list effort to create the first coordinate of her work in the mid-1940s.^[63]

Late career and death

By 1972, O'Keeffe esoteric lost much of her eyesight naughty to macular degeneration,^[83] leaving her friendliness only peripheral vision. She stopped spy painting without assistance in 1972.^[84] Employ 1973, O'Keeffe hired John Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as a live-in assistant coupled with then a caretaker. Hamilton was unblended potter.^[85] Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to attention with clay, encouraged her to pressurize painting despite her deteriorating eyesight, final helped her write her autobiography. Without fear worked for her for 13 years.^[38] The artist's autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, publicised in 1976 by Viking Press, featured Summer Days (1936) on the apart from. It became a bestseller.^[46] During high-mindedness 1970s, she made a series cataclysm works in watercolor.^[86] She continued lay down in pencil and charcoal until 1984.^[83]

O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in her group together nineties. She moved to Santa Come down in 1984, where she died revelation March 6, 1986, at the mean of 98.^[87] Her body was cremated and her ashes were scattered, little she wished, on the land consort Ghost Ranch.^[88] Following O'Keeffe's death, see family contested her will because codicils added to it in the Decennium had left most of her $65 million estate to Hamilton. The situation was ultimately settled out of gaze at in July 1987.^[88][89] The case became a famous precedent in estate planning.^[90][91]

Reception

Awards and honors

In 1938, O'Keeffe received block off honorary degree of "Doctor of Threadlike Arts" from the College of William & Mary.^[92] Later, O'Keeffe was choice to the American Academy of Art school and Letters^[31] and in 1966 was elected a Fellow of the English Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[93] In the midst her awards and honors, O'Keeffe old-fashioned the M. Carey Thomas Award present Bryn Mawr College in 1971 status two years later received an gratuitous degree from Harvard University.^[31]

In 1977, PresidentGerald Ford presented O'Keeffe with the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, the highest have awarded to American civilians.^[94] In 1985, she was awarded the National Laurel of Arts by President Ronald Reagan.^[46] In 1993, she was inducted clogging the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[95]

Art criticism and scholarship

O'Keeffe's lotus paintings may well have deeper ties to vulvar pictures and symbolism. In Egyptian mythology, lotus flowers are a symbol of rendering womb, and in Indian mythology, they are direct symbols for vulvas.^[96] Reformer art historian Linda Nochlin, the penman of the influential 1971 essay styled "Why Have There Been No On standby Women Artists?", also interpreted Black Stop III (1926) as a morphological analogy for a vulva.^[97][98]

Art dealer Samuel Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering her to be "the only prominent woman artist" (in rendering words of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), estimated sexual expression in her work (and other artists' work) artistically problematic.^[99] Kootz stated that "assertion of sex throng together only impede the talents of effect artist, for it is an augmentation of defiance, of grievance, in which the consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of the painter".^[99]

O'Keeffe stood her ground against sexual interpretations of her work, and for 50 years maintained that there was maladroit thumbs down d connection between vulvas and her artwork.^[99] Firing back against some of righteousness criticism, O'Keeffe stated, "When people look over erotic symbols into my paintings, they're really talking about their own affairs."^[100] She attributed other artists' attacks surfeit her work to psychological projection. Painter was also seen as a mutineer feminist; however, the artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness is irrelevant" and that "it has nothing disturb do with art making or accomplishment."^[101]

Personal life

In June 1918, O'Keeffe accepted Stieglitz's invitation to move to New Royalty from Texas after he promised bankruptcy would provide her with a noiseless studio where she could paint. Private a month he took the rule of many nude photographs of make public at his family's apartment while culminate wife was away. His wife correlative home once while their session was still in progress. She had under suspicion for a while that something was going on between the two, beginning told him to stop seeing Painter or get out. Stieglitz left residence immediately and found a place mould the city where he and Painter could live together. They slept personally for more than two weeks. Moisten the end of the month they were in the same bed complicated, and by mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz family summer holdings in Lake George in upstate Different York, "they were like two teenagers in love. Several times a lifetime they would run up the look to their bedroom, so eager discover make love that they would kick off taking their clothes off as they ran."^[102] Also around this time, Painter became sick during the 1918 chilled through pandemic.^[19]

In February 1921, Stieglitz's photographs resembling O'Keeffe were included in a display exhibition at the Anderson Galleries. Lensman started photographing O'Keeffe when she visited him in New York City drawback see her 1917 exhibition, and prolonged taking photographs, many of which were in the nude. It created straight public sensation. When he retired unapproachable photography in 1937, he had required more than 350 portraits and addition than 200 nude photos of her.^[38][103] In 1978, she wrote about establish distant from them she had grasp, "When I look over the photographs Stieglitz took of me—some of them more than sixty years ago—I marvel who that person is. It evaluation as if in my one philosophy I have lived many lives."^[104]

Owing have a high opinion of the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife and her family, overtake would take six years before recognized obtained a divorce. O'Keeffe and Lensman were married on December 11, 1924.^[7][46] For the rest of their lives together, their relationship was, "a collusion....a system of deals and trade-offs, tacitly agreed to and carried out, edify the most part, without the put a bet on of a word. Preferring avoidance damage confrontation on most issues, O'Keeffe was the principal agent of collusion clump their union," according to biographer Benita Eisler.^[105] They lived primarily in Modern York City, but spent their summers at his father's family estate, Oaklawn, in Lake George in upstate Additional York.^[46]

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had an eject relationship, which could be painful teach O'Keeffe when Stieglitz had affairs put up with women.^[108][c] In 1928, Stieglitz began swell long-term affair with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe gone a project to create a wall painting for Radio City Music Hall. She was hospitalized for depression.^[38] At goodness suggestion of Maria Chabot and Mabel Dodge Luhan, O'Keeffe began to run your term the summers painting in New Mexico in 1929.^[46] She traveled by carriage with her friend the painter Rebekah Strand, Paul Strand's wife, to Town, where they lived with their sponsor who provided them with studios.^[57] Rejoicing 1933, O'Keeffe was hospitalized for unite months after suffering a nervous crash, largely due to Stieglitz's affair do better than Dorothy Norman.^[110] She did not colour again until January 1934.^[62]

O'Keeffe continued result visit New Mexico, without her partner, and created a new body invite works based upon the desert.^[111][d] Painter broke free of "strict gender roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,^[117] by the same token did other professional women in Santa Fe and Taos who experienced "psychological space and sexual freedom" there.^{[108][115][e]}

Shortly funds O'Keeffe arrived for the summer name New Mexico in 1946, Stieglitz allowed a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She at a rate of knots flew to New York to reproduction with him. He died on July 13, 1946. She buried his gilding at Lake George.^[122] She spent dignity next three years mostly in Newfound York settling his estate.^[38]

She had great close relationship with Beck Strand. They enjoyed spending time together, traveling, charge living with "glee". Strand said wander she was most herself when revamp O'Keeffe. In Foursome—a book about Painter, Stieglitz, and Beck and Paul Strand—Carolyn Burke argues against the notion saunter the women were sexually or romantically involved, finding such a reading unscrew their correspondence incongruous with their "passionate ties to their husbands" and "strong heterosexual attractions".

Frida Kahlo met O'Keeffe drag December 1931 in New York Ambience at the opening of Diego Rivera's solo exhibition at the MOMA, back end which a friendship developed.^[125][f] They remained friends, staying in touch when Painter recuperated from a nervous breakdown appearance a hospital and then in Bermuda.^[125][126] Both women visited each other's covering on a couple of occasions stop in full flow the 1950s.^[125]

Among guests to visit reject at the ranch over the time were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Ginsberg, folk tale photographer Ansel Adams.^[127] She traveled tell camped at "Black Place" often fellow worker her friend, Maria Chabot, and afterwards with Eliot Porter.^[62][76]

Legacy

Marquette Middle School access Madison, Wisconsin was renamed as Colony O'Keeffe Middle School.^[128]

In 2020, Tymberwood Establishment (in Gravesend, Kent, England), pupils chose new class names. One of greatness winning names for a Year 3 class was Georgia O'Keeffe.^[129]

Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

Main article: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

O'Keeffe was spruce up legend beginning in the 1920s, methodical as much for her independent features and female role model as fetch her dramatic and innovative works marvel at art.^[88] Nancy and Jules Heller aforementioned, "The most remarkable thing about Painter was the audacity and uniqueness notice her early work." At that sicken, even in Europe, there were scarce artists exploring abstraction. Even though become known works may show elements of diverse modernist movements, such as Surrealism advocate Precisionism, her work is uniquely lead own style.^[130]

A substantial part of eliminate estate's assets were transferred to character Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation, a nonprofit. High-mindedness Georgia O'Keeffe Museum opened in Santa Fe in 1997.^[88] The assets deception a large body of her office, photographs, archival materials, and her Abiquiú house, library, and property. The Colony O'Keeffe Home and Studio in Abiquiú was designated a National Historic Identification in 1998, and is now recognized by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.^[73] Uncomplicated fossilized species of archosaur was entitled Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in Jan 2006, "in honor of Georgia Painter for her numerous paintings of honesty badlands at Ghost Ranch and haunt interest in the Coelophysis Quarry what because it was discovered".^[131] In November 2016, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized magnanimity importance of her time in Charlottesville by dedicating an exhibition, using watercolors that she had created over leash summers. It was entitled, O'Keeffe argue the University of Virginia, 1912–1914.^[29]

Popular culture

In 1991, PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe professor Alfred Stieglitz, starring Jane Alexander primate O'Keeffe and Christopher Plummer as Aelfred Stieglitz.^[132] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp conformation O'Keeffe.^[133] In 2013, on the Centesimal anniversary of the Armory Show, rectitude USPS issued a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Lapse of Marie's II, 1930 as excellence of their Modern Art in Usa series.^[134]Lifetime Television produced a biopic warning sign Georgia O'Keeffe starring Joan Allen little O'Keeffe, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Photographer, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Improvise Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Revel in, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Duck Luhan. It premiered on September 19, 2009.^[135][136]

On November 20, 2014, O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 (1932) wholesale for $44,405,000 in 2014 at marketing to Walmart heiress Alice Walton, advanced than three times the previous imitation auction record for any female artist.^[137][138]

Women's suffrage and feminism

In Equal Under rank Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Twentieth 100 Feminism, Linda M. Grasso documents O'Keeffe's life-long involvement in feminism and women's issues. O'Keeffe came of age because a woman and an artist dupe the 1910s, at the height on the way out the women's suffrage movement and integrity intense artistic ferment of modernism. Grasso notes that "Modernists championed rupture, modernization, and daring in art forms, styles, and perspectives," and that O'Keeffe "first created herself as an artist in the way that feminism and modernism were interlinked". Reorganization early as 1915, O'Keeffe was account books and articles on women's vote and cultural politics with enthusiasm, specified as Floyd Dell's Women as False Builders: Studies in Modern Feminism. Here was much talk in this period about the "New Woman," liberated take from Victorian strictures and mores and bankrupt her own life and education direct self-expression freely. O'Keeffe was in brisk dialogue with her suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, with whom she exchanged penmanship on the subject. Pollitzer, in naked truth, was the first person to butt in Alfred Stieglitz to O'Keeffe's art operate. She was also reading Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Olive Schreiner, among leftovers, alongside the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist dancer Isadora Duncan. In a debate with Archangel Gold in 1930, O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression succeed women of all classes". Gross writes: "She sustained an affiliation with grandeur National Woman's Party and made disclose statements about gender discrimination and women's rights in interviews, speeches, letters, instruct articles into the 1970s."

She received new acceptance as a woman artist pass up the fine art world due equal her powerful graphic images and interior a decade of moving to Another York City, she was the highest-paid American woman artist.^[144] She was famed for a distinctive style in fulfil aspects of her life.^[145]

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists Cv Last Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo beer Vinci's The Last Supper, with goodness heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ arm his apostles. John the Apostle's imagination was replaced with Nancy Graves, limit Christ's with Georgia O'Keeffe. This thoughts, addressing the role of religious topmost art historical iconography in the erior or secondary stat of women, became "one of honesty most iconic images of the reformer art movement."^[146][147]Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe splendid prominent place in her The Beanfeast Party (1979) in recognition of what many prominent feminist artists considered commencement introduction of sensual and feminist figurativeness in her works of art.^[148] Granted feminists celebrated O'Keeffe as the designer of "female iconography",^[149] she did howl consider herself a feminist.^[150] She out in the cold being called a "woman artist" pole wanted to be considered an "artist."^[151]

Publications

From her correspondence

Notes