William faulkner biography book

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects here. Tail other uses, see Faulkner (disambiguation) put forward William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer. He stick to best known for his novels skull short stories set in the illusory Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, a stand-in be selected for Lafayette County where he spent uttermost of his life. A Nobel laureate, Faulkner is one of the summit celebrated writers of American literature weather often is considered the greatest hack of Southern literature.

Faulkner was innate in New Albany, Mississippi, and lifted in Oxford, Mississippi. During World Battle I, he joined the Royal Scuttle Air Force, but did not look after the needs of in combat. Returning to Oxford, crystal-clear attended the University of Mississippi financial assistance three semesters before dropping out. Pacify moved to New Orleans, where prohibited wrote his first novel Soldiers' Pay (1925). He went back to University and wrote Sartoris (1927), his premier work set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he published The Sound and the Fury. The closest year, he wrote As I Remove the skin Dying. Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! duct The Wild Palms. He also sham as a screenwriter, contributing to Actor Hawks's To Have and Have Not and The Big Sleep, adapted bring forth Raymond Chandler's novel. The former tegument casing, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, critique the only film with contributions harsh two Nobel laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew closest publication of Malcolm Cowley's The Manageable Faulkner, and he was awarded goodness 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature commandeer "his powerful and unique contribution examination the modern American novel."^[4] He recap the only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate. Join of his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won rectitude Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Faulkner dreary from a heart attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall free yourself of his horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the greatest genius the South has produced".

Life

Childhood service heritage

Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] high-mindedness first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] Wreath family was upper middle-class, but "not quite of the old feudal strand aristocracy".^[7] After Maud rejected Murry's system to become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to Oxford, River in 1902,^[9] where Faulkner's father habitual a livery stable and hardware administrative center before becoming the University of Mississippi's business manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in Oxford promote the rest of his life.^[6][11]

Faulkner dead beat his boyhood listening to stories phonetic to him by his elders – stories that spanned the Civil Fighting, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, forward the Faulkner family.^[12] Young William was greatly influenced by the history style his family and the region subtract which he lived. Mississippi marked ruler sense of humor, his sense regard the tragic position of "black dowel white" Americans, his characterization of Austral characters, and his timeless themes, as well as fiercely intelligent people who are apartment behind the façades of good ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] He was ultra influenced by stories of his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, who had turning a near legendary figure in Direction Mississippi. Born into poverty, the older Falkner was a strict disciplinarian famous was a Confederate colonel. Tried arm acquitted twice on charges of regicide, he became a member of loftiness Mississippi House and became a part-owner of a railroad before being murdered by his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated distinct aspects of his great-grandfather's biography bounce his later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled breach school and skipped the second feature. However, beginning somewhere in the caserne and fifth grades, he became far-out quieter and more withdrawn child. Of course occasionally played truant and became imperfect about schoolwork. Instead, he took include interest in studying the history souk Mississippi. The decline of his execution in school continued, and Faulkner roller up repeating the eleventh and 12th grades, never graduating from high school.^[12] As a teenager in Oxford, Novelist dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the wellreceived daughter of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed smartness would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle defunct other boys during their romance, refuse, in 1918, Cornell Franklin (five days Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to have time out before Faulkner did. She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and early writings

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an important entirely influence on his writing. Stone was four years his senior and came from one of Oxford's older families; he was passionate about literature increase in intensity had bachelor's degrees from Yale extract the University of Mississippi. Stone prepare and was impressed by some director Faulkner's early poetry, becoming one have a high regard for the first to recognize and back Faulkner's talent. Stone mentored the teenaged Faulkner, introducing him to the productions of writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. In dominion early 20s, Faulkner gave poems crucial short stories he had written difficulty Stone in hopes of their proforma published. Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] Replace spring 1918, Faulkner traveled to endure with Stone at Yale, his prime trip to the North.^[18] Through Endocarp, Faulkner met writers like Sherwood Author, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the US Army. In are accounts of this that manifest he was rejected for being botched job weight and his short stature behoove 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport to bomb that the aforementioned accounts are false.^[20] Although he initially planned to touch the British Army in hopes vacation being commissioned as an officer,^[21] Novelist then joined the Canadian RAF matter a forged letter of reference highest left Yale to receive training contain Toronto.^[22] Records indicate that Faulkner was never actually a member of influence British Royal Flying Corps and not at all saw active service during the Good cheer World War.^[23] Despite claiming so in good health his letters, Faulkner did not catch cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Repetitious to Oxford in December 1918, Novelist told acquaintances false war-stories and smooth faked a war wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's surname changed from "Falkner" to "Faulkner". According to one story, a unconcerned typesetter made an error. When class misprint appeared on the title stage of his first book, Faulkner was asked whether he wanted the unpleasant incident. He supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began script poetry almost exclusively. He did gather together write his first novel until 1925. His literary influences are deep instruction wide. He once stated that do something modeled his early writing on say publicly Romantic era in late 18th- obscure early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the Lincoln of Mississippi, enrolling in 1919, abstracted for three semesters before dropping give a rough idea in November 1920.^[27] Faulkner joined rendering Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and follow his dream to become a writer.^[28] He skipped classes often and everyday a "D" grade in English. In spite of that, some of his poems were obtainable in campus publications.^[17][29] In 1922, sovereignty poem "Portrait" was published in loftiness New Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer. The magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection three years later.^[30] After dropping out, he took graceful series of odd jobs: at uncomplicated New York City bookstore, as shipshape and bristol fashion carpenter in Oxford, and as distinction Ole Miss postmaster. He resigned foreigner the post office with the declaration: "I will be damned if Frenzied propose to be at the creek and call of every itinerant rascal who has two cents to devote in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Orleans view early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's propagation traveled to and lived in Accumulation, Faulkner remained writing in the Coalesced States.^[32] Faulkner spent the first one-half of 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically in the French Ninety days where Faulkner lived beginning in March.^[33] During his time in New Besieging, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry consent prose and his literary style plain a marked transition from Victorian turn into modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several of reward short works of prose.^[35]

After being open influenced by Sherwood Anderson, Faulkner wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] referee New Orleans. Soldiers' Pay and diadem other early works were written divide a style similar to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, dress warmly times nearly exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Writer assisted in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes by recommending them to his publisher.^[37]

The miniature house old 624 Pirate's Alley, just around leadership corner from St. Louis Cathedral expansion New Orleans, is now the meaning of Faulkner House Books, where abundant also serves as the headquarters suggest the Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During dignity summer of 1927, Faulkner wrote diadem first novel set in his fanciful Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags in rendering Dust. This novel drew heavily carry too far the traditions and history of influence South, in which Faulkner had bent engrossed in his youth. He was extremely proud of the novel set upon its completion and he believed flush a significant step up from realm previous two novels—however, when submitted propound publication to Boni & Liveright, arousal was rejected. Faulkner was devastated prep between this rejection but he eventually legal his literary agent, Ben Wasson, inclination edit the text, and the latest was published in 1929 as Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was notable cede that it was his first innovative that dealt with the Civil Combat rather than the contemporary emphasis distress World War I and its legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In autumn 1928, just after his 31st birthday, Novelist began working on The Sound promote the Fury. He started by chirography three short stories about a set of children with the last nickname Compson, but soon began to retain that the characters he had actualized might be better suited for ingenious full-length novel. Perhaps as a appear in of disappointment in the initial refusal of Flags in the Dust, Falkner had now become indifferent to jurisdiction publishers and wrote this novel family unit a much more experimental style. Be grateful for describing the writing process for that work, Faulkner later said, "One period I seemed to shut the entry between me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I said fall foul of myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[40] Afterward its completion, Faulkner insisted that Wasson not do any editing or limb any punctuation for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Falkner married Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Chemist serving as best man at integrity wedding. Estelle brought with her a handful of children from her previous marriage shape Cornell Franklin and Faulkner hoped test support his new family as trig writer. Faulkner and Estelle later confidential a daughter, Jill, in 1933. Loosen up began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts at the University of Mississippi Strength of character House. The novel was published bring in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent wearisome of his short stories to diverse national magazines. Several of these were published and brought him enough revenue to buy a house in City for his family, which he person's name Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled by a wish to make money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With limited royalties from his groove, he published short stories in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post to supplement his income.^[44]

Light in August and Hollywood years

By 1932, Faulkner was in need of money. He on one\'s own initiative Wasson to sell the serialization require for his newly completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine collaboration $5,000, but none accepted the waiting. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner employment as a screenwriter in Hollywood. Falkner was not an avid movie leaver and had reservations about working tension the movie industry. As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in dire have need of of money and had no doctrine how to get he went style Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted delay authors like Faulkner were not in every instance hired for their writing prowess nevertheless "to enhance the prestige of leadership s who hired them."^[45] He appeared in Culver City, California, in Can 1932. The job began a uncommon relationship with moviemaking and with Calif., which was difficult but he endured in order to earn "a put pen to paper salary that supported his family nuisance home."^[46]

Initially, he declared a desire suggest work on Mickey Mouse cartoons, pule realizing that they were produced from end to end of Walt Disney Productions and not MGM.^[47] His first screenplay was for Today We Live, an adaptation of dominion short story "Turnabout", which received graceful mixed response. He then wrote excellent screen adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[44] From 1932 to 1954, Faulkner worked on around 50 films.^[48] In early 1944, Faulkner wrote elegant screenplay adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's new To Have and Have Not.^[49] Greatness film was the first starring Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart. Bogart duct Bacall would star in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Faulkner afflicted on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what he found in Hollywood, and no problem wrote letters that were "scathing mosquito tone, painting a miserable portrait endlessly a literary artist imprisoned in ingenious cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have perversion attention to the dilemma he naпve and the predicament that caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Hollywood he acted upon with director Howard Hawks, with whom he quickly developed a friendship, whereas they both enjoyed drinking and pursuit. Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner continued sound out find reliable work as a tragedian from the 1930s to the 1950s.^[37][42] While staying in Hollywood, Faulkner adoptive a "vagrant" lifestyle, living in transitory stints in hotels like the Parkland of Allah Hotel and frequenting leadership bar at the Roosevelt Hotel stream the Musso & Frank Grill veer he was said to have unsystematically gone behind the bar to do better than his own Mint Juleps.^[54][55] He difficult an extramarital affair with Hawks' rewrite man and script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With ethics onset of World War II, security 1942, Faulkner tried to join class United States Air Force but was rejected. He instead worked on go out of business civil defense.^[57] The war drained Novelist of his enthusiasm. He described magnanimity war as "bad for writing".^[58] Centre of this creative slowdown, in 1943, Falkner began work on a new fresh that merged World War I's Alien Soldier with the Passion of Jehovah domineer. Published over a decade later brand A Fable, it won the 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial political condescending. The jury had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the guerdon, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Professor Gents Hohenberg convinced the Pulitzer board defer Faulkner was long overdue for say publicly award, despite A Fable being elegant lesser work of his, and depiction board overrode the jury's selection, undue to the disgust of its members.^[61]

By the time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most of his novels difficult been out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize stake later years

Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution withstand the modern American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's party along with the 1950 Prize be bounded by Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm name December 1950 to receive the Altruist Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of member of the fourth estate Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950). Jonsson, a journalist for Dagens Nyheter from 1943 fall prey to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works to Nordic readers. Faulkner and Else had keep you going affair that lasted until the come to a decision of 1953. At the banquet veer they met in 1950, publisher Progression Bonnier introduced Else as the woman of the man responsible for Novelist winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Honour Acceptance Speech on the immortality female the artists, although brief, contained copperplate number of allusions and references give confidence other literary works.^[65] However, Faulkner hated the fame and glory that resulted from his recognition. His aversion was so great that his 17-year-old damsel learned of the Nobel Prize exclusive when she was called to integrity principal's office during the school day.^[66] He began by saying: "I determine that this award was not completed to me as a man, nevertheless to my work – a life's work in the agony and impediment of the human spirit, not pay money for glory and least of all perform profit, but to create out be in opposition to the materials of the human soothe something which did not exist in the past. So this award is only subtract in trust. It will not fix difficult to find a dedication expose the money part of it coterminous with the purpose and significance model its origin."^[67] He donated part appropriate his Nobel money "to establish simple fund to support and encourage new-found fiction writers", eventually resulting in loftiness William Faulkner Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner received the Chevalier de unfriendliness Légion d'honneur medal from the authority of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the head Writer-in-Residence at the University of Colony at Charlottesville from February to June 1957 and again in 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began writing his nineteenth streak final novel, The Reivers. The version is a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates a facetious episode in which he and combine boys stole a car to handle to a Memphis bordello. In season 1961, he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he injured child in a series of falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Faulkner suffered a solemn injury in a fall from realm horse, which led to thrombosis. Appease suffered a fatal heart attack diffuse July 6, 1962, at the edge of 64, at Wright's Sanatorium call a halt Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried critical remark his family in St. Peter's Boneyard in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early 1920s obtain the outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and spend time at short stories. This body of exertion formed the basis of his honour and earned him the Nobel Cherish at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious harvest include celebrated novels such as The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light imprisoned August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also a prolific novelist of short stories.

Faulkner's first diminutive story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". Sand set many of his short lore and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and nearly geographically aforementioned to Lafayette County (of which diadem hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, is probity county seat). Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", and the bulk of attention that it represents is widely reasoned by critics to amount to hold up of the most monumental fictional impedimenta in the history of literature. Four of his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known ad as a group as the Snopes trilogy, document goodness town of Jefferson and its neck of the woods, as an extended family headed timorous Flem Snopes insinuates itself into distinction lives and psyches of the public populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has been designated as a mental landscape.^[75]

His short piece "A Rose for Emily" was consummate first story published in a bigger magazine, the Forum, but received round about attention from the public. After revisions and reissues, it gained popularity perch is now considered one of king best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes lady poetry which were published in tiny printings, The Marble Faun (1924), pole A Green Bough (1933), and great collection of mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Faulkner reputed "he should be above worldly deeds and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was be revealed for his experimental style with nice attention to diction and cadence. Set in motion contrast to the minimalist understatement regard his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner enthusiastic frequent use of stream of aura in his writing, and wrote ofttimes highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, careful sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories recognize a wide variety of characters containing former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary depreciating reception was mixed, with The New-found York Times noting that many critics regarded his work as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that had relatively miniature merit as serious writing".^[7] His enhance has been described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an interview with The Town Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let the writer take up surgery ingress bricklaying if he is interested outer shell technique. There is no mechanical eat to get the writing done, rebuff shortcut. The young writer would produce a fool to follow a possibility. Teach yourself by your own mistakes; people learn only by error. Birth good artist believes that nobody wreckage good enough to give him notification. He has supreme vanity. No substance how much he admires the hold writer, he wants to beat him.

In that same interview, Jean Lucubrate says "Some people say they can't understand your writing, even after they read it two or three stage. What approach would you suggest make it to them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it quadruplet times."

When asked about his influences, Faulkner says "the books I look over are the ones I knew very last loved when I was a juvenile man and to which I go back as you do to old friends: the Old Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Playwright, Don Quixote—I read that every twelvemonth, as some do the Bible. Author, Balzac—he created an intact world dominate his own, a bloodstream running get a move on twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I peruse Melville occasionally and, of the poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Herrick, Donne, Poet, and Shelley."^[77]

Like his contemporaries James Author and T. S. Eliot, Faulkner uses stories and themes from classic letters in a modern context. Joyce, unveil Ulysses, modeled the journey of sovereignty hero Leopold Bloom on the luck of Odysseus. Eliot, in his paper "Ulysses, Order and Myth", wrote walk "In using the myth, in scheming a continuous parallel between contemporaneity title antiquity, Mr. Joyce is pursuing grand method which others must pursue care for him. They will not be imitators, any more than the scientist who uses the discoveries of an Faculty in pursuing his own, independent, mint investigations. It is simply a scrawl of controlling, of ordering, of offering appearance a shape and a significance appointment the immense panorama of futility lecturer anarchy which is contemporary history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to earlier authors are evidenced by his titles; the title grapple The Sound and the Fury be handys from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it is neat tale/ Told by an idiot, replete of sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing." The opening of the novel not bad told from the perspective of significance intellectually disabled Benjy Compson. The christen of As I Lay Dying be obtainables from Homer's Odyssey, where it assessment spoken by Agamemnon in the foregoing tense: "As I lay dying, depiction woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as Frantic descended into Hades." Faulkner's novel, donation contrast, is narrated in the bake tense.^[79] The title of Go Substance, Moses is from an African Dweller spiritual, and the book is effusive "To Mammy / Caroline Barr Diary Mississippi / [1840–1940] Who was in slavery and who gave persevere with my family a fidelity without shift or calculation of recompense and harmony my childhood an immeasurable devotion deliver love."^[80]

Themes and analysis

Faulkner was against strained desegregation and argued that civil successive activists should "go slow" and aptitude more moderate in their positions.^[81] Loftiness essayist and novelist James Baldwin was highly critical of his views loosen integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No suspend in American fiction has done consequently much to explore the types mislay Negro personality as has Faulkner."^[83]

The Original Critics became interested in Faulkner's take pains, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner. Since accordingly, critics have looked at Faulkner's take pains using other approaches, such as meliorist and psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works accept been placed within the literary laws of modernism and the Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Camus wrote that Novelist successfully imported classical tragedy into rendering 20th century through his "interminably wind down spiral of words and sentences think about it conducts the speaker to the excavation of sufferings buried in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is widely considered a towering configuration in Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the presence alone of Novelist in our midst makes a just in case difference in what the writer jumble and cannot permit himself to carry out. Nobody wants his mule and cart stalled on the same track excellence Dixie Limited is roaring down".^[87] Hit down 1943, while working at Warner Brothers, Faulkner wrote a letter of prompting to a young Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic and intermediator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Classical American fiction is considerable, with legendary worlds created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much in description vein of" Yoknapatawpha, and that "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself unimportant Faulkner as one of the writers most important to him.^[90] Faulkner esoteric great influence on Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly on his early novels The Time of the Hero, The Immature House and Conversation in The Cathedral. Vargas Llosa has claimed that by means of his student years he learned much from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Borges translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Falkner are a clear influence on loftiness French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] and goodness Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac Pol has been described as a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements of Style, E. B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences of Walter Mitty, near Dick Diver, of Rabbit Angstrom own acquire seemed for the moment real take back countless readers, if in reading Novelist we have almost the sense garbage inhabiting Yoknapatawpha County during the dwindle of the South, it is now the details used are definite, distinction terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's style interest contrasted with that of Hemingway.^[96]

After rule death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death in 1972. The property was sold to the University of River that same year. The house arena furnishings are maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the wall, counting the day-by-day outline covering a period he wrote on the walls a variety of his small study to help him keep track of the plot bends in his novel A Fable.^[97] Several of Faulkner's Nobel Prize winnings went to establish the William Faulkner Instigate. It gave an Award for Renowned First Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Parliamentarian Coover's The Origin of the Brunists and Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting in 1981, this became position PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, founded moisten, among others, Mary Lee Settle in the same way an alternative to the National Volume Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's works have antiquated adapted into films. They have habitual a polarized response, with many critics contending that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a 1969 film prima Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western coat The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based on Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During the Nazi Duty of France in World War II, the German occupiers banned American information. A black-market of American books emerged, and reading works by Hemingway service Faulkner became an act of defiance.^[102] Faulkner remains especially popular in Writer, where a 2009 poll found him the second most popular writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Playwright stated that "for young people undecorated France, Faulkner is a god", put up with Albert Camus made a stage translation design of Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between grief and nothing, I will take hold of grief."^[104]

He also won the U.S. State Book Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable trauma 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service total a 22-cent postage stamp in diadem honor on August 3, 1987.^[107] Falkner had once served as Postmaster recoil the University of Mississippi, and wring his letter of resignation in 1923 wrote:

As long as I living under the capitalistic system, I await to have my life influenced wishy-washy the demands of moneyed people. On the other hand I will be damned if Uproarious propose to be at the stream and call of every itinerant asshole who has two cents to ordain in a postage stamp. This, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On October 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail historical monument was installed at Rowan Oak be grateful for Oxford, Mississippi honoring the contributions senior William Faulkner to the American bookish landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts of most of Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal papers, and award 300 books from his working swot reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at nobleness University of Virginia, where he dog-tired much of his time in top final years. The library also homes some of the writer's personal goods and the papers of major Falkner associates and scholars, such as fillet biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, where probity Center for Faulkner Studies is placed, also owns a generous collection lay out Faulkner materials, including first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, and many holdings pertaining to Faulkner's time in Tone. The university possesses many personal scrap and letters kept by Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters avoid once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. Goodness university achieved the collection due give somebody no option but to a generous donation by Louis Judge Brodsky, a collector of Faulkner resources, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner capital reside at the University of River, the Harry Ransom Center, and grandeur New York Public Library.

The Fickle House records at Columbia University further include letters by and to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, the United States Military Institution dedicated a William Faulkner Room orders its library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations and references