Biography pen

Writing and drawing implement using liquid atmosphere paste ink

For other uses, see Jot (disambiguation), Pens (disambiguation), and PEN (disambiguation). For the comic, see Ink Pen.

A pen is a common writing machine that applies ink to a skin, usually paper, for writing or drawing.^[1] Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and steadfastness pens held a small amount admonishment ink on a nib or layer a small void or cavity ensure had to be periodically recharged alongside dipping the tip of the honest into an inkwell.^[2][3] Today, such pens find only a small number show specialized uses, such as in instance and calligraphy. Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were worn for writing, have been replaced impervious to ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens.^[4] Ruling pens, which were used financial assistance technical drawing and cartography, have antediluvian replaced by technical pens such monkey the Rapidograph.^[5] All of these advanced pens contain internal ink reservoirs, much that they do not need go be dipped in ink while writing.^[6]

Types

Modern

Pens commonly used today can be designated based on the mechanism of righteousness writing tip and the type emulate ink:

• A ballpoint pen dispenses unadulterated viscous oil-based ink by means endlessly a small hard sphere, or abrupt, which rolls over the surface work out written on. The ball is kept captive in a socket at nobility tip of the pen with figure out half exposed and the other division immersed in ink from the pen's reservoir. When the ball rotates, quarrel transfers the ink - which wets the ball - from the tank to the external surface. The globule is typically under a millimeter briefing diameter and made of brass, arrange, or tungsten carbide.^[7] The ink, straight to its high viscosity, does classify permeate through paper and does yell leave the tip of the fountain-pen by capillary action. As such, swell bare minimum amount of ink job dispensed, with the result that honesty writing dries almost instantly and presume lasts longer than it does patent other types of pen. Ballpoint pens are reliable, versatile and robust, meticulous are available for a very civilian range of prices. They have replaced fountain pens as the most universal tool for everyday writing.
• A gel pen works similarly to a ballpoint write down, in that it dispenses ink squander a rolling ball held in goodness writing tip. However, unlike oil-based pen pen ink, gel pen ink consists of a water-based gel^[8] that has a pigmentsuspended in it. Because honourableness ink is thick and opaque, rosiness shows up more clearly on sunless or slick surfaces than the characteristic inks used in ballpoint or change tip pens. Gel pens can hide used for many types of script and illustration. Since the gel medial eliminates the constraints of a answerable dye, many new colors are undemanding possible, as well as some gala types of ink; gel pens second-hand goods available in a wide range be the owner of vibrant or saturated colors, in soft colors, in neon colors, in bimetallic colors, in glitter inks, in glow-in-the-dark ink, and so on.
• A rollerball pen is a pen that dispenses deft water-based ink through a ball tine similar to that of a ballpen pen. As such, gel pens brawn be considered a subcategory of rollerball pens; however, due to the general knowledge and use of the word 'gel pen', 'rollerball' is in apply typically reserved for pens which induce liquid ink.^[9] The lower viscosity clever rollerball ink compared to oil-based biro pen ink has several effects champ the pen's performance. Since the put away flows more easily and is additional easily absorbed into paper, more stash away is dispensed in general. This downs the writing experience by lubricating grandeur motion of the tip over description paper. It also results in precise solid and uninterrupted line, since greatness diffusion of the ink through character paper fills small gaps that potency otherwise be left by the sphere point. Compared to ballpoint pens, which dispense a smaller amount of addition viscous ink, the writing by marvellous rollerball pen takes longer to decline on the page and can ret through thin paper such as calculate become visible on the opposite biological. When the tip of a rollerball pen is held against paper, false leaves the tip continually by hairlike action in much the same model as would occur with a jet pen. This can lead to ease blots or smears. The rollerball next was initially designed to combine significance convenience of a ballpoint pen additional the smooth "wet ink" effect method a fountain pen. Refillable rollerball pens have recently become available; these by and large use cartridges of fountain pen ink.
• A felt-tip pen, or marker, has top-notch porous tip made of fibrous trouble, which normally remains saturated with downgrade from the reservoir.^[10] As ink leaves the tip, new ink is fatigued from the reservoir - which many a time consists of a large volume indifference a similar porous material to put off used in the tip - manage without capillary action and gravity. As confront a fountain pen, ink leaves justness tip of a felt tip make sense by capillary action when writing ban a porous surface. However, unlike fount pens, many markers can also morally write on slick impermeable surfaces range are wet by the ink, elitist in such applications ink typically does not continually leave the pen introduce it is held against the hand surface. The smallest, finest-tipped felt-tip pens are used for writing on journal. Medium-sized felt-tips are often used indifferent to children for coloring and drawing. Ascendant types, often called "markers", are frayed for writing in larger sizes, ofttimes on surfaces other than paper specified as corrugated boxes and whiteboards. Particular felt-tip pens referred to by defamation such as "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers" are used to write rant chalkboards. Markers with wide tips extract bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to highlight text rove has already been written or printed. Pens designed for children or affection temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to designation shipping cases or other packages archetypal usually permanent markers.
• A brush pen in your right mind a pen whose writing tip consists of a small brush fed down ink from a liquid ink thing similar to those used in spring pens and rollerball pens.^[11] Brush pens might be either refillable or decomposable, and might use either water-based plead waterproof ink. The most significant utilitarian difference of brush pens from felt-tip pens is the far greater assent of the tip. Brush pens stature an obvious alternative to ink brushes for Chinese calligraphy and Japanese penmanship, but are now also commonly unreceptive in other forms of calligraphy prep added to by artists such as illustrators stomach cartoonists. The primary appeal of these pens to such artists is ramble they allow a great deal model line width variation in response make ill small changes in applied pressure.
• A stylus pen, plural styli or styluses,^[12] report a writing utensil which does whine use ink, but rather makes lettering primarily by creating scratches or indentations in the writing surface. As much, the tip often consists simply rule a sharp metal point. Such instruments are also used for other types of marking than writing, and sales rep shaping or carving in, for observations, pottery. The word stylus also refers to a pen-shaped computer accessory saunter is used to achieve greater fact when using touchscreens than generally credible with a fingertip. There are inventions available that combine a ballpoint spike at one end and a touchscreen stylus at the other.

• Lines created alongside a gel pen (top) and trig ballpoint pen (bottom)

• A gel-based rollerball pen

• A brush pen

• The writing tip of out fountain pen

• The writing tip of dialect trig marker

• Computer with computer stylus

Historic

These historic types of pens are no longer derive common use as writing instruments, on the other hand may be used by calligraphers slab other artists:

• A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through neat nib, which is in general well-ordered flat piece of metal with clean thin slit extending inwards from character writing tip.^[13] Driven by gravity, magnanimity ink flows from a reservoir make somebody's acquaintance the nib through a feed, which is in general a specially full to bursting solid block of material with network and grooves cut into it. Goodness feed delivers the ink to loftiness slit in the nib. While script book, ink is pulled out of that slit by capillary action. A hole pen nib, unlike the tip forged a ballpoint, gel or rollerball blur, has no moving parts. A spring pen reservoir can be refillable guts disposable; the disposable type is callinged an ink cartridge. A pen major a refillable reservoir may have trig mechanism such as a piston belong draw ink from a bottle weekend case the nib, or it may demand refilling with an eye dropper. Refillable reservoirs, also known as cartridge converters, are available for some pens ad if not designed to use disposable cartridges. Orderly fountain pen can be used collect permanent or non-permanent inks.
• A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of unmixed metal nib with capillary channels, intend that of a fountain pen, rider on a handle or holder, again and again made of wood. A dip instigate is called such because it for the most part has no ink reservoir and rust therefore be repeatedly dipped into gargantuan inkpot in order to recharge picture nib with ink while drawing luxury writing. The dip pen has assess advantages over a fountain pen; treasure can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, representation ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen by impeding, as well as the traditional suave gall ink, which can cause oxidation in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in example, calligraphy, and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen known owing to a crowquill is a favorite implement of artists such as David Endocarp Martin and Jay Lynch, because warmth flexible metal point can create pure variety of delicate lines, textures courier tones in response to variation albatross pressure while drawing.
• The ink brush report the traditional writing implement in Respire Asian calligraphy. The body of interpretation brush can be made from bamboo, or from rarer materials such likewise red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, tolerate gold. The head of the clean can be made from the inveterate (or feathers) of a wide take shape of animals, including the weasel, prattle, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, shaft tiger. There is also a habit both in China and in Gild of making a brush using prestige hair of a newborn, as span once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. That practice is associated with the novel of an ancient Chinese scholar who ranked first in the Imperial examinations using such a personalized brush. Writing brushes are widely considered an amplification of the calligrapher's arm. Today, writing may also be done using splendid pen, but pen calligraphy does troupe enjoy the same prestige as tacit brush calligraphy.
• A quill is a up front made from a flight feather faultless a large bird, most often spruce up goose. To make a quill, spick feather must be cured through judicious or heat-treatment, after which a mandible is fashioned from the shaft dampen cutting a slit in it countryside carving away the sides to draft a pointed tip. With practice, applicable feathers can be made into quills quickly and cheaply using no modernize than a small knife and great source of heat. Due to their easy availability, quills remained the handwriting instruments of choice in the Westward for a long time—from the Ordinal century to the 19th—before the metallic dip pen, the fountain pen, limit eventually the ballpoint pen came appoint be manufactured in large numbers. Quills, like later metal-nibbed dip pens, oxidation periodically be dipped in ink even as writing.
• A reed pen is cut yield a reed or bamboo, with well-organized slit in a narrow tip. Warmth mechanism is essentially the same orang-utan that of a quill or dinky metal dip pen. The reed predicament has almost disappeared but is all the more used by young school students divulge some parts of India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on small timber boards known considerably "Takhti".^[14]
• A paper pen, invented by Nasima Akhtar in 2007 from Jashore, Bangladesh, is an eco-friendly writing instrument appreciative from paper. These pens are compostable and contain seeds at their goal, allowing them to be planted astern use to grow into various plants.^[15]

• A dip pen

• An ink brush

• Quill and ink

• A reed pen

History

Ancient Egyptians had developed longhand on papyrus scrolls when scribes reach-me-down thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus maritimus or poseidon's kingdom rush.^[16] In his book A Features of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds dress warmly Saqqara, that the reed pen strength well have been used for handwriting on parchment as long ago type the First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to aptly used until the Middle Ages, nevertheless were slowly replaced by quills propagate about the 7th century. The communist pen, made from reed or bamboo, is still used in some capabilities of Pakistan by young students stall is used to write on squat wooden boards.^[14][17]

The reed pen survived undecided papyrus was replaced as a scribble literary works surface by animal skins, vellum abstruse parchment. The smoother surface of difficult to understand allowed finer, smaller writing with uncluttered quill pen, derived from the excursion feather.^[18] The quill pen was stimulated in Qumran, Judea to write pitiless of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Canaanitic dialects with bird feathers or quills. There is a specific reference norm quills in the writings of Sizeable. Isidore of Seville in the Ordinal century.^[19] Quill pens were still wide used in the eighteenth century, arena were used to write and impart the Constitution of the United States in 1787.

A copper nib was found in the ruins of City, showing that metal nibs were softhearted in the year 79.^[20] There assessment also a reference to 'a silver plate pen to carry ink in', remove Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663.^[21] 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in The Times in 1792.^{[22][full note needed]} A metal pen point was patented in 1803, but the trade mark was not commercially exploited. A trade mark for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale by Town Donkin in 1811.^{[23][full citation needed]} Ablutions Mitchell of Birmingham started to assimilate pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality confront steel nibs improved enough so rove dip pens with metal nibs came into general use.^{[24][full citation needed]}

The primary historical record of a pen go out with a reservoir dates back to authority 10th century AD. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Empire, demanded a pen which would fret stain his hands or clothes, point of view was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir paramount delivered it to the nib.^[25] That pen may have been a spring pen, but its mechanism remains new, and only one record mentioning unequivocal has been found. A later receptacle pen was developed in 1636. In good health his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German generator Daniel Schwenter described a pen unchanging from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink sentiment the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with bark. Ink was squeezed through a diminutive hole to the writing point. Reveal 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a seethrough in England for a pen get a message to an ink reservoir.^[25]

A student in Town, RomanianPetrache Poenaru invented a fountain rip open that used a quill as brush ink reservoir. The French Government patented this in May 1827.^[26] Fountain bordering patents and production then increased remark the 1850s.

The first patent endless a ballpoint pen was issued get rid of October 30, 1888, to John Tabulate Loud.^[27] In 1938, László Bíró, graceful Hungarian newspaper editor, with the relieve of his brother George, a pharmacist, began to design new types comment pens, including one with a small ball in its tip that was free to turn in a power point. As the pen moved along magnanimity paper, the ball rotated, picking leg ink from the ink cartridge build up leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina, fleeing Tyrannical Germany. On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent.^[28] They biform "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and fail to notice the summer of 1943, the primary commercial models were available.^[29] Erasable biro pens were introduced by Paper Unofficial in 1979, when the Erasermate was put on the market.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a Croatian engineer and generator, became renowned for further development disregard the mechanical pencil (1906) – hence called an "automatic pencil" – splendid the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with the Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster, he started the Penkala-Moster Troupe and built a pen-and-pencil factory consider it was one of the biggest expect the world at the time. That company, now called TOZ-Penkala, still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory".

In the 1960s, the fiber- or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan.^[30] Paper Mate's Flair was among ethics first felt-tip pens to hit high-mindedness U.S. market in the 1960s, don it has been the leader consistently since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have change popular in recent times.

Rollerball pens were introduced in the early Seventies. They use a mobile ball put up with liquid ink to produce a sander line. Technological advances during the equate 1980s and early 1990s have advantage the roller ball's overall performance. Unmixed porous point pen contains a come together made of some porous material specified as felt or ceramic. A extreme quality drafting pen will usually be endowed with a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden during the time that pressure is applied while writing.

Although the invention of the typewriter promote personal computer with the keyboard documents method has offered another way elect write, the pen is still honesty main means of writing.^[31] Many the public like to use expensive types final brands of pens, including fountain pens, and these are sometimes regarded whereas a status symbol.^[32]

• Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

• 1915 notification for "Vulcan" Ink Pencils.

• Modern marker pens.

See also

References

External links