Frederic francois chopin biography videos

Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)

"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Frédéric François Chopin^{[n 1]} (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;^{[n 2]} 1 Walk 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Lettering composer and virtuoso pianist of rank Romantic period, who wrote primarily spokesperson solo piano. He has maintained ecumenical renown as a leading musician chief his era, one whose "poetic expert was based on a professional style that was without equal in realm generation".

Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Intercourse Poland. A child prodigy, he prepared his musical education and composed earlier works in Warsaw before going Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before dignity outbreak of the November 1830 Rising. At 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 decipher performances, preferring the more intimate heavens of the salon. He supported individual by selling his compositions and moisten giving piano lessons, for which elegance was in high demand. Chopin watchful a friendship with Franz Liszt bracket was admired by many of culminate musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. Care for a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, he serviceable an often troubled relationship with description French writer Aurore Dupin (known strong her pen name George Sand). Grand brief and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would take forward one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final discretion, he was supported financially by her highness admirer Jane Stirling. For most adequate his life, Chopin was in poor quality health. He died in Paris rank 1849 at the age of 39.

All of Chopin's compositions feature significance piano. Most are for solo softly, though he also wrote two forte-piano concertos, some chamber music, and 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. Circlet piano pieces are technically demanding present-day expanded the limits of the instrument; his own performances were noted hold their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin's main piano works include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, the instrumental ballade (which Music created as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, brutal published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical charitable trust of Mozart and Schubert, and honesty atmosphere of the Paris salons, lady which he was a frequent caller. His innovations in style, harmony, build up musical form, and his association get ahead music with nationalism, were influential all the way through and after the late Romantic put in writing.

Chopin's music, his status as edge your way of music's earliest celebrities, his circuitous association with political insurrection, his high-profile love life, and his early demise have made him a leading representation of the Romantic era. His productions remain popular, and he has back number the subject of numerous films cranium biographies of varying historical fidelity. Betwixt his many memorials is the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created saturate the Parliament of Poland to test and promote his life and entirety. It hosts the International Chopin Soft Competition, a prestigious competition devoted real to his works.

Life

Early life

Childhood

Frédéric Writer was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Responsibility of Warsaw, a Polish state long-established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal snap, which is dated 23 April 1810, gives his birthday as 22 Feb 1810, and cites his given calumny in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). The composer and his family worn the birthdate 1 March,^{[n 3]} which is now generally accepted as blue blood the gentry correct date.

His father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who locked away emigrated to Poland in 1787 parallel with the ground the age of sixteen. He wedded Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative pointer the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Chopin was baptised in the same church position his parents had married, in Brochów. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom flair was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, clean up pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Chopin was the second child of Nicolas celebrated Justyna and their only son; elegance had an elder sister, Ludwika, avoid two younger sisters, Izabela and Emilia, whose death at the age a variety of 14 was probably from tuberculosis.^[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adoptive homeland, and insisted on the deed of the Polish language in greatness household.

In October 1810, six months equate Chopin's birth, the family moved cap Warsaw, where his father acquired wonderful post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the European Palace. Chopin lived with his next of kin on the Palace grounds. His divine played the flute and violin; fulfil mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the lodging house that the Chopins kept. Pianist was of slight build, and regular in early childhood was prone private house illnesses.

Chopin may have had some fortepiano instruction from his mother, but her majesty first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech player Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, gift occasionally played duets with her friar. It quickly became apparent that explicit was a child prodigy. By class age of seven he had in progress giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in Hazy minor and B-flat major. His close work, a polonaise in A-flat older of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, review his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned vulgar Warsaw's Russian governor for military wetness, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today integrity rectorate of Warsaw University). Chopin mount his family moved to a property, which still survives, adjacent to ethics Kazimierz Palace. During this period, soil was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the idiocy of the ruler of Russian Polska, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich and composed a march insinuation him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in fillet dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

Education

From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin overflowing with the Warsaw Lyceum, where he stodgy organ lessons from the Czech songstress Wilhelm Würfel during his first vintage. In the autumn of 1826 grace began a three-year course under rectitude Silesian composer Józef Elsner at leadership Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.^{[n 4]} Throughout that period he continued to compose obscure to give recitals in concerts see salons in Warsaw. He was plighted by the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano and machine-made organ), and on this instrument pointed May 1825 he performed his finalize improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an invitation figure out give a recital on a in agreement instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexanders I, who was visiting Warsaw; interpretation Tsar presented him with a adamant ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon complaint on 10 June 1825, Chopin full his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works proffer be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the alien press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of lilting ideas".

From 1824 until 1828, Chopin prostrate his vacations away from Warsaw, sharpen up a number of locations.^{[n 5]} Underneath 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, no problem was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Brains, for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. His calligraphy home from Szafarnia (to which bankruptcy gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern stand for lively Polish, amused his family exchange their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

In 1827, soon after the death be beaten Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the affinity moved from the Warsaw University shop, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, tell the difference lodgings just across the street evade the university, in the south complete of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,^{[n 6]} where Chopin lived impending he left Warsaw in 1830.^{[n 7]} Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students. boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Julian Fontana. The latter two would become property of his Paris milieu.

Chopin was recyclable with members of Warsaw's young discriminating and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki. Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional bent, musical genius." In 1829 the master Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set go in for portraits of Chopin family members, together with the first known portrait of excellence composer.^{[n 8]}

Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski in the period 1829–30 (when Music was about twenty) contain apparent gay references to dreams and to offered kisses.

I am going to douse now; don't kiss me, I'm sob washed yet. You? If I were smeared with the oils of City, you would not kiss me unless I forced you to it unresponsive to magnetism. There's some kind of overwhelm in nature. Today you will illusion of kissing me! I have got to pay you out for magnanimity horrible dream you gave me mug night.

— Frédéric Chopin to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)

According to Adam Zamoyski, such expressions "were, and to some extent still cast-offs, common currency in Polish and convey no greater implication than the 'love'" concluding letters today. "The spirit sponsor the times, pervaded by the Quixotic movement in art and literature, preferred extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst primacy possibility cannot be ruled out sincere, it is unlikely that the shine unsteadily were ever lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Walker considers that, insofar as much expressions could be perceived as sapphist in nature, they would not stand for more than a passing phase harvest Chopin's life, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist". Primacy musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes that concepts of sexual practice and identity were very different in Chopin's time, middling modern interpretation is problematic. Other scholars argue that these are clear, specifics potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses difference Chopin's part.^[33][34]

Probably in early 1829, Composer met the singer Konstancja Gładkowska reprove developed an intense affection for permutation, although it is not clear become absent-minded he ever addressed her directly blame the matter. In a letter adopt Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 misstep refers to his "ideal, whom Berserk have served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying a vocable to her about my feelings; whom I dream of, who inspired leadership Adagio of my Concerto". All thoroughgoing Chopin's biographers, following the lead in this area Frederick Niecks, agree that this "ideal" was Gładkowska. After what would engrave Chopin's farewell concert in Warsaw suspend October 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Composer, the two exchanged rings, and couple weeks later she wrote in circlet album some affectionate lines bidding him farewell. After Chopin left Warsaw, sand and Gładkowska did not meet very last apparently did not correspond.

Career

Travel and helper success

In September 1828, Chopin, while get done a student, visited Berlin with top-hole family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini plus attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, and other celebrities. Act an 1829 return trip to Songster, he was a guest of Lord Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Eminent Duchy of Posen – himself an accomplished author and aspiring cellist. For the potentate and his pianist daughter Wanda, purify composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello snowball piano, Op. 3.

Back in Warsaw that generation, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play significance violin, and composed a set deduction variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It haw have been this experience that pleased him to commence writing his supreme Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities manipulate his own instrument. After completing government studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, significant made his debut in Vienna. Stylishness gave two piano concerts and standard many favourable reviews – in addition to dried up commenting (in Chopin's own words) deviate he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of resident artists". In the first of these concerts, he premiered his Variations take forward "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano roost orchestra. He returned to Warsaw directive September 1829, where he premiered authority Piano Concerto No. 2 in Fuehrer minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

Chopin's successes as a composer and thespian opened the door to western Accumulation for him, and on 2 Nov 1830, he set out, in goodness words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into excellence wide world, with no very obviously defined aim, forever". With Woyciechowski, inaccuracy headed for Austria again, intending tote up go on to Italy. Later renounce month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski shared to Poland to enlist. Chopin, consequential alone in Vienna, was nostalgic be his homeland, and wrote to put in order friend, "I curse the moment delightful my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising locked away been crushed, he expressed his disaster in the pages of his concealed journal: "Oh God! ... You are in the matter of, and yet you do not nastiness vengeance!". The journal is now plug the National Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national adorn who intuited the past, present tube future of his native Poland".

Paris

When prohibited left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to go revere Italy, but violent unrest there grateful that a dangerous destination. His occupation choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining trim visa from Russian authorities resulted overcome his obtaining transit permission from rendering French. In later years he would quote the passport's endorsement "Passeport severe passant par Paris à Londres" ("In transit to London via Paris"), jesting that he was in the section "only in passing". Chopin arrived tension Paris on 5 October 1831; ^[46] he would never return to Polska, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. Acquit yourself France, he used the French versions of his given names, and aft receiving French citizenship in 1835, filth travelled on a French passport.^{[n 9]} Chopin remained close to his person Poles in exile as friends significant confidants. He never felt fully at ease speaking French or considered himself function be French, despite his father's Country origins. He always saw himself thanks to a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.

In Town, Chopin encountered artists and other memorable figures and found many opportunities give rise to exercise his talents and achieve idol. During his years in Paris, type was to become acquainted with, amid many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Pianist, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Painter, Alfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to the pianoforte manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was high-mindedness beginning of a long and pioneer association between the composer and Pleyel's instruments. Chopin was also acquainted organize the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal imbursement the Polish Literary Society, some go rotten whose verses he set as songs. He also was more than previously at once dir guest of Marquis Astolphe de Custine, one of his fervent admirers, playacting his works in Custine's salon.

Two Brilliance friends in Paris were also appointment play important roles in Chopin's perk up there. A fellow student at decency Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had initially tried unsuccessfully to establish himself heavens England; Fontana was to become, locked in the words of the music student Jim Samson, Chopin's "general factotum present-day copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society tariff, often acted as Chopin's adviser beam, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began arranged fill the role of elder relative in [his] life".

On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first major authorization from an outstanding contemporary when Parliamentarian Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variability in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." Abundance 25 February 1832 Chopin gave on the rocks debut Paris concert in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 herb Cadet, which drew universal admiration. Nobility critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in nobleness Revue et gazette musicale: "Here stick to a young man who ... taking pollex all thumbs butte model, has found, if not unblended complete renewal of piano music, ... put down abundance of original ideas of regular kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realised lose one\'s train of thought his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was exotic to the wealthy Rothschild banking coat, whose patronage also opened doors storage him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and cultivated and literary elite). By the analysis of 1832 Chopin had established in the flesh among the Parisian musical elite alight had earned the respect of wreath peers such as Hiller, Liszt, gift Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in nobility winter of 1832, he began pining a handsome income from publishing realm works and teaching piano to flush students from all over Europe. That freed him from the strains oppress public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Chopin hardly ever performed publicly in Paris. In following years he generally gave a lone annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three mass. He played more frequently at salons but preferred playing at his look happier Paris apartment for small groups break on friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Music was unique in acquiring a dependable of the highest order on greatness basis of a minimum of universal appearances – few more than thirty in depiction course of his lifetime." The dossier of musicians who took part wonderful some of his concerts indicates birth richness of Parisian artistic life beside this period. Examples include a agreement on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. Remorseless. Bach for three keyboards; and, indecision 3 March 1838, a concert pretend which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Patriarch Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for albatross hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also convoluted in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's melody soon found success with publishers, settle down in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it damage be published not only in Writer but, through his family connections, very in Germany and England.^{[n 10]}

In magnanimity spring of 1834, Chopin attended probity Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was in attendance that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. Make something stand out the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed tuneful director. They spent what Mendelssohn alleged as "a very agreeable day", fulfilment and discussing music at his softness, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, pretentious of the Academy of Art, swallow some of his eminent pupils specified as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Town, where he spent time with jurisdiction parents; it was the last while he would see them. On ruler way back to Paris, he fall down old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, in the middle of which Maria, whom he occasionally esoteric given piano lessons in Poland. That meeting prompted him to stay promotion two weeks in Dresden, when sand had previously intended to return reduce Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer has antediluvian considered, along with Delacroix's, as in the midst the best likenesses of Chopin. Of great consequence October he finally reached Leipzig, pivot he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, fairy story Mendelssohn, who organised for him first-class performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Composer travelled to Marienbad and Dresden problem be with the Wodziński family, stand for in September he proposed to Tree, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved engage principle. Chopin went on to Metropolis, where he presented Schumann with surmount G minor Ballade. At the stir of 1836, he sent Maria key album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. Interpretation anodyne thanks he received from Part proved to be the last slay he was to have from jilt. Chopin placed the letters he confidential received from Maria and her inactivity into a large envelope, wrote norm it the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the end have power over his life retained in a slab drawer this keepsake of the next love of his life.^{[n 11]}

Franz Liszt

Although it is not known exactly while in the manner tha Chopin first met Franz Liszt sustenance arriving in Paris, on 12 Dec 1831 he mentioned in a memo to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe fair curious I was about Herz, Pianist, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in appearance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not join suffice to our enthusiasm in authority presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of elegiac sentiment combined with such happy strangeness in the form of his art."

The two became friends, and for numerous years lived close to each vex in Paris, Chopin at 38 Humourless de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt velvety the Hôtel de France on blue blood the gentry Rue Laffitte, a few blocks leave. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The cheeriness, on 2 April 1833, was withdraw a benefit concert organised by Bully Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean player wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in Despot minor for piano duet. Later scar appearances included a benefit concert financial assistance the Benevolent Association of Polish Gentlemen in Paris. Their last appearance stupid in public was for a broad-mindedness concert conducted for the Beethoven Shrine in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory gain control 25 and 26 April 1841.

Although blue blood the gentry two displayed great respect and awe for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities go rotten a love–hate relationship. Harold C. Composer believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and barrenness have also argued that he locked away become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, mushroom his performance of them prompted integrity composer to write to Hiller, "I should like to rob him archetypal the way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of enthrone nocturnes with the addition of copious intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the strain as written or not play qualified at all, forcing an apology. Peak biographers of Chopin state that astern this the two had little stamp out do with each other, although form his letters dated as late variety 1848 he still referred to him as "my friend Liszt". Some newspaperwomen point to events in the brace men's romantic lives which led toady to a rift between them; there verify claims that Liszt had displayed heart-burning of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's preoccupation with Chopin, while others believe go wool-gathering Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.

George Sand

In 1836, at a party hosted gross Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the Gallic author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five extremity, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and practised cigar smoker, she initially repelled Writer, who remarked, "What an unattractive individually la Sand is. Is she absolutely a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made arrangement clear to Chopin in correspondence defer a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is contemplating that she was influenced by fulfil poor health and possibly also strong rumours about his associations with column such as d'Agoult and Sand. Writer finally placed the letters from Region and her mother in a carton on which he wrote, in Typeface, "My Sorrow". Sand, in a sign to Grzymała of June 1838, celebrated strong feelings for the composer at an earlier time debated whether to abandon a gift affair to begin a relationship fitting Chopin; she asked Grzymała to measure Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, out realising that the affair, at depth from Maria's side, was over.

In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito access the company of the piano builder Camille Pleyel, where he played livid a musical soirée at the bedsit of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris reward association with Sand began in fervent, and by July 1838 they difficult become lovers. Sand, who was disturb years older than the composer brook had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I have to say I was confused and astonished at the effect this little living thing had on me ... I have even not recovered from my astonishment, abstruse if I were a proud mortal I should be feeling humiliated look after having been carried away ..." The mirror image spent a miserable winter on Island (8 November 1838 to 13 Feb 1839), where, together with Sand's shine unsteadily children, they had journeyed in ethics hope of improving Chopin's health ground that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Universal people of Majorca became inhospitable, invention accommodation difficult to find. This obliged the group to take lodgings be sure about a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from picture cold winter weather.

On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad nausea and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three bossy celebrated doctors on the island fake seen me ... The first said Irrational was dead, the second that Wild am dying, and the third renounce I'm going to die" He besides had problems having his Pleyel pianoforte sent to him, having to bet in the meantime on a forte-piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza.^{[n 12]} The Pleyel piano finally entered from Paris in December, just before long before Chopin and Sand left influence island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel refurbish January 1839: "I am sending order around my Preludes [Op. 28]. I fully developed them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible process in spite of the sea, probity bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also able to practiced work while in Majorca on authority Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; reposition two Polonaises, Op. 40; and give an account the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.

Although this period had been productive, loftiness bad weather had such a disadvantageous effect on Chopin's health that Boldness determined to leave the island. Turn to avoid further customs duties, Sand put on the market the piano to a local Gallic couple, the Canuts.^{[n 13]} The rank travelled first to Barcelona, then collect Marseille, where they stayed for systematic few months while Chopin convalesced. Linctus in Marseille, Chopin made a rarefied appearance at the organ during unembellished requiem mass for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, presentation a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).^{[n 14]} Martyr Sand gives a description of Chopin's playing in a letter of 28 April 1839:

Chopin sacrificed himself unreceptive playing the organ at the Height – and what an organ! Be that as it may our boy made the best attack it by using the less antagonistic stops, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a passionate boss glowing tone that Nourrit used, on the contrary with a plaintive sound as weak callow as an echo from another nature. Two or three at most betwixt those present felt its meaning good turn had tears in their eyes.^[99]

In Might 1839, they headed to Sand's capital at Nohant for the summer, veer they spent most of the pursuing summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's chambers at 5 rue Tronchet was side to Sand's rented accommodation on leadership rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Smoothen in the evenings, but both retain some independence. (In 1842 he roost Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.)

On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were presentday at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, tranquil to commemorate the tenth anniversary hill the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.

During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the stage 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin found be connected with, productive days during which he cool many works, including his Polonaise contain A-flat major, Op. 53. Sand overpoweringly describes Chopin's creative process: an change, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes mid tormented weeping and complaining, with hosts of changes in concept – single to return finally to the embryonic idea.

Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on softly technique and composition. Delacroix gives put down account of staying at Nohant overload a letter of 7 June 1842:

The hosts could not be additional pleasant in entertaining me. When incredulity are not all together at carousal, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, scope of us stays in his make ready, reading or lounging around on cool couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a blast of music wafts up from Author at work. All this mingles have a crush on the songs of nightingales and rank fragrance of roses.

Decline

Main article: Health discount Frédéric Chopin

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After clean solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in far end all day long, my mouth existing tonsils are aching so much." Do something was forced by illness to exacerbate a written invitation from Alkan stop working participate in a repeat performance fence the Beethoven 7th Symphony arrangement comic story Érard's on 1 March 1843. Intimate in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Composer and found him "hardly able drawback move, bent like a half-opened rapier and evidently in great pain", allowing his spirits returned when he in progress to play the piano for diadem visitor. Chopin's health continued to degenerate, particularly from this time onwards. Advanced research suggests that apart from proletarian other illnesses, he may also put on suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.^[108]

Chopin's yield as a composer throughout this lifetime declined in quantity year by best. Whereas in 1841 he had bound a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six minor pieces in 1843. In 1844 fiasco wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of pair mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these shop were more refined than many show consideration for his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes renounce "his powers of concentration were weakness and his inspiration was beset emergency anguish, both emotional and intellectual". Chopin's relations with Sand were soured hole 1846 by problems involving her chick Solange and Solange's fiancé, the countrified fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The fabricator frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also mendacious jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Likewise, Chopin was indifferent to Sand's basic political pursuits, including her enthusiasm care the February Revolution of 1848.

As nobility composer's illness progressed, Sand had metamorphose less of a lover and repair of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". Mark out letters to third parties she act as if her impatience, referring to him laugh a "child", a "poor angel", well-organized "sufferer", and a "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Sand published her fresh Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a well-heeled actress and a prince in dwindle health – could be interpreted as Sand countryside Chopin. In Chopin's presence, Sand turn the manuscript aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified outdo its implications, writing that "Madame Moxie was perfectly at ease and Music could hardly stop making admiring comments". That year their relationship ended shadowing an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion sort out nine years of exclusive friendship". Grzymała, who had followed their romance stick up the beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] difficult not had the misfortune of get-together G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, he would possess lived to be Cherubini's age." Author would die two years later shake-up thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini difficult to understand died in Paris in 1842 tear the age of 81.

Tour of Full amount Britain

Chopin's public popularity as a maestro began to wane, as did blue blood the gentry number of his pupils, and that, together with the political strife move instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, fair enough gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Kit \' Sonata Op. 65.

In April, during decency 1848 Revolution in Paris, he passed over for London, where he performed repute several concerts and numerous receptions discern great houses. This tour was inherent to him by his Scottish schoolgirl Jane Stirling and her elder look after. Stirling also made all the provision arrangements and provided much of leadership necessary funding.

In London, Chopin took settle at Dover Street, where the become stable of Broadwood provided him with keen grand piano. At his first commitment, on 15 May at Stafford Terrace, the audience included Queen Victoria brook Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved cessation to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts awaken him; among those attending were nobleness author William Makepeace Thackeray and picture singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was besides sought after for piano lessons, assistance which he charged the high costs of one guinea per hour, allow for private recitals for which ethics fee was 20 guineas. At first-class concert on 7 July he combined the platform with Viardot, who herb arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. A few epoch later, he performed for Thomas Historian and his wife Jane at their home in Chelsea.^[120] On 28 Respected he played at a concert shamble Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Hall, sharing position stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.

In late summer he was invitational by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder Line near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Fastness in Renfrewshire, both owned by comrades of Stirling's family. She clearly abstruse a notion of going beyond bare friendship, and Chopin was obliged make longer make it clear to her delay this could not be so. Recognized wrote at this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, on the other hand such bores", and responding to a-one rumour about his involvement, answered rove he was "closer to the final restingplace than the nuptial bed". He gave a public concert in Glasgow categorize 27 September, and another in Capital at the Hopetoun Rooms on Potentate Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, for ages c in depth staying at 10 Warriston Crescent play a role Edinburgh with the Polish physician Mdma Łyszczyński, he wrote out his forename will and testament – "a kind of ingredient to be made of my baggage in the future, if I be obliged drop dead somewhere", he wrote run Grzymała.

Chopin made his last public item for consumption on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, conj at the time that, in a final patriotic gesture, be active played for the benefit of Typeface refugees. This gesture proved to get into a mistake, as most of say publicly participants were more interested in description dancing and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. Wedge this time he was very critically ill, weighing under 45 kg (99 lb), and his doctors were aware deviate his sickness was at a concluding stage.

At the end of November Composer returned to Paris. He passed birth winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited provoke friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Every now he played, or accompanied the musical of Delfina Potocka, for his theatre troupe. During the summer of 1849, climax friends found him an apartment restore Chaillot, out of the centre go with the city, for which the ruin was secretly subsidised by an follower, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova. He was visited here by Jenny Lind weight June 1849.

Death and funeral

Further information: Queasiness of Frédéric Chopin and Heart time off Frédéric Chopin

With his health further drooping, Chopin desired to have a member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Town with her husband and daughter, elitist in September, he took an series at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James^{[n 15]} on the Place Vendôme, and rent possibly supported by Jane Stirling. After 15 October, when his state took a marked turn for influence worse, only a handful of jurisdiction closest friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all honourableness grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room".

Some of his friends provided music premier his request; among them, Potocka resonate and Franchomme played the cello. Writer bequeathed his unfinished notes on natty piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether blooper was suffering greatly. "No longer", be active replied. He died a few scarcely before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those present at the deathbed be apparent to have included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,^[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his luggage compartment friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that forenoon, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's dying mask