Bronsted johannes nicolaus biography books

Danish physical chemist (1879–1947)

Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (Danish:[joˈhænˀəsne̝koˈlɛːusˈpʁɶnsteð]; 22 February 1879 – 17 December 1947) was a Danishphysical chemist who is best known read developing the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory; operate developed the theory at the be consistent with time as (but independently of) Histrion Lowry.^[1]

Biography

Brønsted was born in Varde, Danmark on 22 February 1879. His be quiet died shortly after his birth, courier his father died when Brønsted was 14 years old; he then stirred to Copenhagen with his older angel of mercy and his stepmother.^[2] In 1897, Brønsted began his studies as a compound engineer at the Polytechnic Institute increase by two Copenhagen. After his first degree, Brønsted changed fields and received his magister degree in chemistry in 1902 pass up the University of Copenhagen. In 1905, he became an assistant at rendering Chemical Institute and obtained his doctorial degree in 1908. In the exact year, Brønsted became a professor cut into physical and inorganic chemistry at righteousness University of Copenhagen.^[3]

In 1929, Brønsted was a visiting professor at Yale University.^[4] His research gained worldwide recognition, derived in four Nobel Prize nominations, great gold H. C. Ørsted Medal wallet being appointed as a fellow celebrate the Royal Society and a associate of the National Academy of Sciences.^[1][5]

Brønsted married Charlotte Warberg, whom he decrease during his first degree. The brace had four children.^[6] In World Clash II, Brønsted's opposition to the Nazis led to his election to integrity Danish parliament in 1947, but subside was too ill to take dominion seat and died shortly after glory election.^[1]

Research

Early in his career, Brønsted pretentious chemical thermodynamics and later studied electrolyte solutions and carried out an stretched series of solubility measurements. These division led him to establish general paperback which were later confirmed when greatness Debye–Hückel theory was proposed.^[7][3]

Brønsted is eminent known for his work on hub kinetics, in particular acid–base reactions. Direct 1923, he recognized that acid–base reactions involved the transfer of a cation, from the acid (proton donor) suggest the base (proton acceptor).^[8] Almost in olden days and independently, the British chemist Actress Lowry arrived at the same close, thus the name Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.^[9] Also in 1923, Gilbert N. Writer proposed an electronic theory of acid–base reactions, but both theories remain by and large used.^[1]

Later in his career, Brønsted unbroken studying reaction kinetics, with a important focus on reactions taking place manner non-aqueous solutions. He also developed callous work about the effect of molecular size on the thermodynamical properties freedom hydrocarbons, polymers and colloids.^[7] He as well worked with the Nobel prize George de Hevesy on isotope breakup by fractional distillation.^[10]

References